The diversity of candidates and MPs stalled for some groups in this election

My latest collaboration with Jerome Black on the diversity of candidates and MPs. Stall for women and visible minorities, ongoing increase for visible minorities.

In summary, differences in political-party representation reflect dissimilarities in demographic trends (such as higher growth rates of visible minorities), overall election dynamics, political-party recruitment efforts, and the extent to which groups feel their concerns are reflected in political platforms and messaging.

Source: The diversity of candidates and MPs stalled for some groups in this election

Nicolas: La Couronne et la décolonisation

Good reminder for anti-monarchists, particularly in Quebec, not so simple given the importance of the Crown for Indigenous peoples:

Bon, le roi est reparti. Discutons, si vous le permettez, de la Couronne à tête reposée.

Puisque le désamour envers la monarchie, principalement au Québec, s’articule autour du rejet du colonialisme, ne devrait-on pas s’intéresser à la manière dont les leaders autochtones ont accueilli la visite royale de leur côté ?

Cindy Woodhouse Nepinak, cheffe nationale de l’Assemblée des Premières Nations (APN), Victoria Pruden, présidente du Ralliement national des Métis (RNM) et Natan Obed, président du Inuit Tapiriit Kanatami (ITK) étaient tous trois sur le tarmac pour accueillir le roi Charles III. Ils ont tous trois obtenu une audience privée avec le monarque à Rideau Hall, après ses entretiens avec la gouverneure générale, Mary Simon, et le premier ministre, Mark Carney.

À la CBC lundi, Natan Obed rappelait sa première conversation avec le roi, survenue en 2022, au sujet des droits du peuple inuit, de l’Arctique et des changements climatiques. Il en parle comme une « opportunité remarquable ». « La relation avec le roi et la Couronne n’est pas seulement pratique, vu notre relation avec les traités et le Canada comme État-nation, mais aussi ambitieuse ». Un exemple ? « Le rapatriement. Dans les musées du Royaume-Uni, il y a toujours des restes humains inuits et d’autres items que nous voudrions voir rapatrier. » Obed en avait discuté avec le roi lors de sa dernière audience privée.

De son côté, le RNM indique que l’audience privée a servi à « rappeler l’importance des partenariats pour préserver l’honneur de la Couronne et remplir les promesses solennelles faites à la Couronne à la nation métisse ». Et l’APN ? « J’ai transmis le message qu’en tant que roi du Canada, sa Majesté a la responsabilité de respecter les traités qui protègent nos droits. Nous avons parlé de l’importance d’honorer les engagements qui perdurent depuis des générations », nous dit Woodhouse Nepinak.

On est très loin du boycottage du Bloc québécois. On traite la visite royale comme une occasion stratégique de faire avancer des revendications de longue date. Pourquoi ?

Parce que la Couronne britannique a commencé à conclure des traités avec les Premiers Peuples en 1701. La Proclamation royale de 1763 n’a pas que scellé le sort de l’ancienne Nouvelle-France. Elle a établi de vastes « territoires indiens » dans la vallée du Mississippi, à l’ouest des Appalaches et vers les Grands Lacs dans lesquels les Autochtones ne devraient pas être « inquiétés ou troublés ». La révolution américaine a été alimentée par le refus de la Couronne britannique de laisser les prospecteurs des 13 colonies s’avancer dans l’Ouest.

Puisque la Couronne est restée l’entité juridique du côté canadien de la frontière, la Proclamation a servi de modèle de base pour les traités signés par la suite, particulièrement après le rachat de la Terre de Rupert et l’expansion canadienne dans l’Ouest.

Par exemple, plusieurs des « traités numérotés » signés à la fin du XIXe siècle dans les Prairies incluaient un engagement de la Couronne à fournir aux Premières Nations un « coffre de médecine ». C’est l’une des bases légales sur laquelle on s’appuie aujourd’hui pour faire respecter les responsabilités du gouvernement fédéral à fournir les soins de santé aux Premières Nations.

Le problème, c’est que plusieurs de ces traités ont été signés sous pression de famine ou de menace militaire, que la Couronne a failli à d’innombrables reprises à respecter ses engagements et qu’Ottawa dépense des sommes faramineuses en frais d’avocat pour ralentir la reconnaissance des droits autochtones. Sauf que c’est la continuité juridique de la Couronne britannique, puis canadienne, qui sert de prise légale pour faire avancer de nombreuses revendications territoriales, politiques ou économiques des Premiers Peuples.

Par contraste, la France a traversé cinq républiques, deux empires, deux restaurations monarchiques et le régime de Vichy au cours de la même période : ces régimes se sont souvent contredits et dédits. Au Canada, une entente conclue au XVIIIe ou au XIXe au siècle continue d’être liante.

Dans le Globe and Mail, l’ex-chef de l’APN Perry Bellegarde reconnaissait d’emblée que la Couronne « représente une histoire de profonde douleur et injure pour les peuples autochtones au Canada et à travers le monde ». Sa lettre cherchait à expliquer que, vu le poids moral et légal des traités, « la Couronne, représentée par Charles III, restait le symbole et la garantie de notre relation originelle ».

Serait-il possible d’abolir la monarchie au Canada — symbole colonial s’il en est un — sans fragiliser légalement ces traités et les droits autochtones, ni faire avancer le colonialisme ? J’ai posé la question à Alexis Wawanoloath, un avocat en droit autochtone d’origine abénaquise et ex-député du Parti québécois, qui se définit comme « pas un royaliste ».

La réponse courte : « Ça dépend. » La réponse longue : on pourrait imaginer un changement de régime où les Premiers Peuples ne seraient plus des « sujets » (au sens très colonial du terme) de compétence fédérale, mais des acteurs fédéraux à part entière, comme le sont le Canada et les provinces. Ce serait très complexe à élaborer. Mais aussi porteur.

En attendant, Wawanoloath comprend très bien la « stratégie » des leaders autochtones qui utilisent une visite royale comme occasion de « faire respecter les traités » et de « faire de l’éducation, au gouvernement comme à sa Majesté », tout en souhaitant « qu’on se sorte un jour de ça, dans le cadre d’une nouvelle entente ».

Rappelons qu’en 1969, le jeune Jean Chrétien avait présenté un livre blanc pour naïvement abolir la Loi sur les Indiens, d’une manière qui aurait forcé l’assimilation politique des Premières Nations. La mobilisation pour le faire reculer a été historique. Si l’on cherchait à abolir la monarchie sans réfléchir ou sans même connaître vraiment les traités historiques et modernes et l’importance juridique de l’honneur de la Couronne, il y aurait aussi matière à se planter… royalement.

Source: La Couronne et la décolonisation

Well, the king is gone. Let’s discuss, if you allow, the Crown with a rested head.

Since the disaffection with the monarchy, mainly in Quebec, revolves around the rejection of colonialism, shouldn’t we be interested in how Aboriginal leaders welcomed the royal visit on their side?

Cindy Woodhouse Nepinak, National leader of the Assembly of First Nations (APN), Victoria Pruden, president of the National Rally of Métis (RNM) and Natan Obed, president of the Inuit Tapiriit Kanatami (ITK) were all three on the tarmac to welcome King Charles III. All three got a private hearing with the monarch at Rideau Hall, after his talks with Governor General Mary Simon and Prime Minister Mark Carney.

At the CBC on Monday, Natan Obed recalled his first conversation with the king, which took place in 2022, about the rights of the Inuit people, the Arctic and climate change. He speaks of it as a “remarkable opportunity”. “The relationship with the King and the Crown is not only practical, given our relationship with the treaties and Canada as a nation-state, but also ambitious.” An example? “Repatriation. In the museums of the United Kingdom, there are always Inuit human remains and other items that we would like to see repatriated. Obed had discussed it with the king during his last private hearing.

For its part, the RNM indicates that the private hearing served to “recall the importance of partnerships to preserve the honor of the Crown and fulfill the solemn promises made to the Crown to the Métis nation”. And the APN? “I have conveyed the message that as King of Canada, Her Majesty has the responsibility to respect the treaties that protect our rights. We talked about the importance of honoring commitments that have lasted for generations, “says Woodhouse Nepinak.

We are very far from the boycott of the Bloc Québécois. The royal visit is treated as a strategic opportunity to advance long-standing demands. Why?

Because the British Crown began to conclude treaties with the First Peoples in 1701. The Royal Proclamation of 1763 not only sealed the fate of the former New France. It established vast “Indian territories” in the Mississippi Valley, west of the Appalachians and towards the Great Lakes in which the Natives should not be “disturbed or troubled”. The American Revolution was fueled by the British Crown’s refusal to let the prospectors of the 13 colonies advance in the West.

Since the Crown remained the legal entity on the Canadian side of the border, the Proclamation served as the basic model for the treaties signed thereafter, especially after the purchase of Rupert’s Land and the Canadian expansion in the West.

For example, several of the “numbered treaties” signed in the late 19th century in the Prairies included a commitment by the Crown to provide First Nations with a “medicine safe”. This is one of the legal bases on which we rely today to enforce the federal government’s responsibilities to provide health care to First Nations.

The problem is that many of these treaties have been signed under pressure from famine or military threat, that the Crown has failed to meet its commitments on countless occasions, and Ottawa is spending huge sums on attorney’s fees to slow down the recognition of Aboriginal rights. Except that it is the legal continuity of the British and then Canadian Crown, which serves as a legal hold to advance many territorial, political or economic claims of the First Peoples.

In contrast, France went through five republics, two empires, two monarchical restorations and the Vichy regime during the same period: these regimes often contradicted and dedicted. In Canada, an agreement concluded in the 18th or 19th century continues to be a binding.

In the Globe and Mail, former PNA leader Perry Bellegarde acknowledged at the outset that the Crown “represents a history of deep pain and insult to Aboriginal peoples in Canada and around the world.” His letter sought to explain that, given the moral and legal weight of the treaties, “the Crown, represented by Charles III, remained the symbol and guarantee of our original relationship”.

Would it be possible to abolish the monarchy in Canada – a colonial symbol if it is one – without legally weakening these treaties and indigenous rights, or advancing colonialism? I asked the question to Alexis Wawanoloath, an Aboriginal lawyer of Abenaquise origin and former deputy of the Parti Québécois, who defines himself as “not a royalist”.

The short answer: “It depends. The long answer: we could imagine a change of regime where the First Peoples would no longer be “subjects” (in the very colonial sense of the term) of federal jurisdiction, but federal actors in their own right, as are Canada and the provinces. It would be very complex to develop. But also a carrier.

In the meantime, Wawanoloath understands very well the “strategy” of Aboriginal leaders who use a royal visit as an opportunity to “enforce the treaties” and “educate, to the government and her Majesty”, while hoping “to get out of this one day, as part of a new agreement”.

Recall that in 1969, the young Jean Chrétien had presented a white paper to naively abolish the Indian Act, in a way that would have forced the political assimilation of First Nations. The mobilization to push him back has been historic. If we sought to abolish the monarchy without thinking or without even really knowing the historical and modern treaties and the legal importance of the honor of the Crown, there would also be material to be planted… royally.

Proportion of women in the House of Commons dips, with slight rise in minority MPs

Latest article with preliminary analysis of 2025 election results in terms of MP diversity:

…In Canada, Indigenous representation in the House also dipped slightly, according to an analysis by Andrew Griffith, a fellow of the Environics Institute and a former director-general in the federal immigration department. He found that 3.3 per cent of elected MPs are Indigenous after this election, down from 3.5 per cent in 2021. 

However, there was a slight rise in the number of visible minority MPs. Mr. Griffith found that their representation stands at 18.1 per cent now, compared with 15.7 per cent at the last election. 

“We appear to have reached a plateau with respect to women and Indigenous peoples MPs,” he said in an e-mail.

“On the other hand, the combination of growth in immigration and visible minorities, matched with most political party candidates being visible minorities in ridings with high numbers of visible minorities and immigrants, continues the trend of increases in their representation.”…

Source: Proportion of women in the House of Commons dips, with slight rise in minority MPs

Number of female candidates drops across parties: study

Results of the preliminary analysis by Jerome Black and myself:

…Mr. Griffith, who has carried out similar research for previous elections, said he was surprised to see the drop in the proportion of female candidates, particularly among the Conservatives. They had a lot of candidates in place soon after the election was called, whereas the NDP and Liberals were later with nominations, he said.

“It’s surprising that the number of women standing for the Conservatives actually declined very significantly: a third of the nominations in 2021 to not even a quarter of the nominations in 2025,” he said. “Conservatives actually made a concerted effort to recruit visible minorities, but they seem to have dropped the ball with respect to women.”

He said some women may have been deterred from standing by the rise in abuse directed toward female politicians.

“It’s certainly part of it,” he said. “But I’m still surprised at such a dramatic decline.”

Source: Number of female candidates drops across parties: study

AFN: First Nations Voters can Decide the 2025 Federal Election Outcomes

Of interest. Not a bad way to encourage Indigenous peoples voting:

The Assembly of First Nations (AFN) has analyzed Census 2021 population data and Election
Canada’s voting results from the 2021 Canadian federal election and has highlighted 36 electoral
districts across Canada (“ridings”) where:


a. The representation of First Nations electors in a riding (%) was higher than the margin of
victory MOV for the winning candidate in 2021 1; or


b. First Nations electors represent at least 5% of electors in a riding and the difference
between the margin of victory [MOV] for the winning candidate in 2021 and the
representation of First Nations electors was less than 5%; or


c. The representation of First Nations electors in a riding is 10% or greater.


All parties should consider the role that First Nations priorities and electors will play in shaping
the outcomes of the upcoming April 2025 election. In this list, 14 seats are currently held by
Liberals, 13 by Conservatives, 7 by New Democrats, and 2 by the Bloc Quebecois

Source: First Nations Voters can Decide the 2025 Federal Election Outcomes

Four Years. Zero Graves. Now What?

Valid question regarding lack of investigation and follow-up. Wouldn’t go as far as Kay calling it a “sacred myth”:

….No one has any idea what underground banalities gave rise to those 215 soil dislocations, because the Tk’emlúps te Secwépemc First Nation, as the Indigenous community in question is officially known, has refused to show anyone all of the data; and has now gone silent on the issue, after having pocketed more than $12-million CAD from the federal government, about $8-million of which was supposed to have been directed toward researching those supposed graves. The few reporters who’ve dared ask for more evidence have been denounced by activists as ghouls, and instructed that such inquiries represent a new form of colonial trauma.

The registered on-reserve population of the Tk’emlúps te Secwépemc First Nation comprises just 543 people. So the federal outlay works out to about $22,000 per person—enough to employ literally the entire community for many months to investigate graves that supposedly lie in precisely identified locations just a few feet from the earth’s surface.

But after four years, not a single grave has been found in Kamloops. It’s impossible to disprove the idea that one or more graves might be found at some point in the future. But the idea that there are 215 of them, much less that they contain murdered children, has become a grim farce.

Yet it is a very strange kind of farce, insofar as almost no public figure in Canada has had the courage to candidly revisit the apocalyptic pronouncements made during the initial unmarked-graves social panic of 2021.

During that period, the idea of these 215 little Indigenous martyrs being killed off by the priests and nuns who ran the Kamloops Indian Residential School became a sacred myth. And no one in the Canadian political and media establishment has any idea how to stand down from this myth now that it’s been debunked. Most members of polite society have simply stopped talking about it, apparently in hopes that the issue will fade into obscurity with the passage of time….

Source: Four Years. Zero Graves. Now What?

Kay: Explaining Canada’s Cult of ‘Decolonial Futurity’ to Americans

Does appear to be a waste of time compared to more practical training with respect to indigenous health and needs of Indigenous patients:

Last month, I received a tip from a nursing student at University of Alberta who’d been required to take a course called Indigenous Health in Canada. It’s a “worthwhile subject,” my correspondent (correctly) noted, “but it won’t surprise you to learn [that the course consists of] four months of self-flagellation led by a white woman. One of our assignments, worth 30 percent, is a land acknowledgement, and instructions include to ‘commit to concrete actions to disrupt settler colonialism’… This feels like a religious ritual to me.”

Canadian universities are now full of courses like this—which are supposed to teach students about Indigenous issues, but instead consist of little more than ideologically programmed call-and-response sessions. As I wrote on social media, this University of Alberta course offers a particularly appalling specimen of the genre, especially in regard to the instructor’s use of repetitive academic jargon, and the explicit blurring of boundaries between legitimate academic instruction and cultish struggle session.

Students are instructed, for instance, to “commit to concrete actions that disrupt the perpetuation of settler colonialism and articulate pathways that embrace decolonial futures,” and are asked to probe their consciences for actions that “perpetuate settler colonial futurity.” In the land-acknowledgement exercise, students pledge to engage in the act of “reclaiming history” through “nurturing…relationships within the living realities of Indigenous sovereignties.”

My source had no idea what any of this nonsense meant. It seems unlikely the professor knew either. And University of Alberta is not an outlier: For years now, whole legions of Canadian university students across the country have been required to robotically mumble similarly fatuous platitudes as a condition of graduation. It’s effectively become Canada’s national liturgy….

Source: Explaining Canada’s Cult of ‘Decolonial Futurity’ to Americans

DuVal: Enough With the Land Acknowledgments

One USA perspective. Sympathetic as they seem largely performative:

…My colleague Amanda Cobb-Greetham, the founding director of the Chickasaw Cultural Center in Sulphur, Okla., and a citizen of the Chickasaw nation, told me that instead of lengthy discussions about whether and how to write land acknowledgments, institutions should engage in active and meaningful relationships with the Native nations that are now or were on the lands those institutions occupy. Florida State University and the Seminole Tribe of Florida have established such a relationship, which started with the tribe’s involvement in designing the mascot’s regalia but now extends to other partnerships, including creating a Native American and Indigenous Studies Center.

Cities, counties and states could share jurisdiction of some of their lands and projects to tribes and work as partners. The Covid-19 virus hit reservations particularly hard in the early months of the pandemic, but because in the past few decades many tribes took over the management of their public health systems from the Bureau of Indian Affairs, many tribal governments ultimately had better outcomes than neighboring non-Native-majority counties. Tribes already partner with the federal government in areas such as land and resource management, marking the 250th anniversary of the American Revolution and cleaning up Superfund sites. Rather than mourn the past through land acknowledgments, institutions should expand these more practical efforts and work with modern Native nations as true partners.

Kathleen DuVal is a professor of history at the University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, and the author, most recently, of “Native Nations: A Millennium in North America.”

Source: Enough With the Land Acknowledgments

Order of Canada Appointments: 2024 Update

This analysis, conducted over the past decade, examines the diversity of Order of Canada appointments. Appointments are contingent upon nominations and typically reflect contributions over an extended period. This updates the analysis in my analysis of last year, How diverse are Order of Canada appointments? Key findings include:

  • Women are significantly underrepresented across all periods.
  • Visible minorities are underrepresented, while Indigenous peoples are slightly overrepresented relative to their population share.
  • Visible minority representation has increased over time.
  • Contributions to the arts have generally constituted the largest share of appointments, followed by health, business, public service, and activism.
  • The share of appointments by rank and group follows the typical pattern in most diversity analyses, where diversity decreases with increasing rank. However, this pattern is only observed for women. In contrast, the share of Indigenous companions is higher than for officers, which in turn is higher than Indigenous members. The share of visible minority officers is greater than the share of visible minority members.

Ibbitson: Sir John A. Macdonald & The Apocalyptic Year 1885 places the former PM’s many imperfections within the context of the times

Of note. The importance of historical context:

…First Nations in the West were starving in the 1870s and 80s. The bison on which they depended had been hunted almost to extinction. Many native people fled into Canada to escape a hostile American government that provided no aid.

Macdonald, Dutil demonstrates, did everything in his power to prevent starvation, making himself minister of Indian affairs to co-ordinate relief efforts. He provided supplies and instructors to encourage Indigenous farming and offered rations to thousands in need.

“The whole theory of supplying the Indians is that we must prevent them from starving,” Macdonald declared. Spending on relief efforts became one of the largest items in the federal budget – twice what was spent on agriculture, immigration, penitentiaries or the post office.

“There is no evidence that food was withheld to kill Indigenous people, as some would charge 150 years later,” Dutil concludes. The very opposite is true: “Even with the financial crash in the fall of 1883 and the economy in deep depression, Macdonald spent aggressively on food.” His government was harshly criticized by the Liberal opposition for what that party considered lavish overspending on First Nations relief.

The Macdonald government initiated the infamous residential-school system. There is no question that the prime minister sought to assimilate First Nations within the settler culture. There is also no question that this attitude enjoyed near-unanimous support among non-Indigenous Canadians. Macdonald and his peers believed assimilation offered the most hopeful future for the first peoples.

“Canada joined the rest of the American hemisphere as it opened a shameful chapter in its history, despite its good intentions,” Dutil writes….

Source: Sir John A. Macdonald & The Apocalyptic Year 1885 places the former PM’s many imperfections within the context of the times