Pearce: How open source tech can make Canada’s immigration system fairer

Bit of an odd piece, as hard to see that it would if would necessarily make the system “fairer” and the extent to which the government could assess objectively open source tech, not to mention the risks of gaming the system. And some of his choices of headers and assertions suggest a limited knowledge of the demographics of immigrants and how the current system works (it’s complicated!):

Federal immigration minister Marc Miller recently announced the government is implementing a two-year cap on the number of international students admitted into Canada. 

This comes amid the government’s broader changes to the immigration system to streamline the types of people who can settle in Canada. Last year, Immigration, Refugees and Citizenship Canada introduced category-based draws for permanent residence applicants. The new requirements are designed to prioritize applications from health-care and STEM professionals, and other in-demand workers.

While Canada has plans to welcome 485,000 permanent residents this year, these recent policy shifts signal the government wants to restrict the type of people who can come here. 

However, does Canada’s immigration system unfairly exclude the people who could make meaningful contributions to our society and economy? 

Immigration policies favour the rich

Governments, businesses and universities might be tempted to roll out the red carpet for richer immigrants who bring their wealth to Canada and benefit the country by simply spending their money here. However, policy should be focused on attracting smart and innovative people, regardless of their net worth, as they are far more valuable in the long term

Research shows that skilled workers boost the productivity of their local peers. It is also well known that immigrants play an important role in creating value for firms and can also attract foreign companies to a country. 

Research from the United States indicated that more than 25 per cent of tech companies established between 1995 and 2005 had an immigrant as a key founder. Similarly in Canada, semi-skilled and high-skilled immigration have a positive effect on our economic growth.

Canada has a number of immigration streams. Perhaps the most straightforward is Canada’s investor visa, which allows foreign entrepreneurs to gain permanent residency and, eventually, citizenship. Immigration programs like Express Entry require applicants to demonstrate they have a minimum amount of money. Others like the skilled worker program favor those who have attained certain levels of higher education.

This means that current immigration policy can often favor the rich because it is easier to assess a person’s bank statements than it is to assess their talents or intelligence. 

Despite Canada’s points-based system that ranks potential immigrants, smart, capable people can easily fall through the cracks if they don’t meet financial, employment or formal educational requirements. These are people who lack the money and educational certificates to earn a lot of immigration points.

Yet some of them may have already created millions of dollars of value with their contributions to open source (OS) technology that you and I use every day.

Open source to the rescue

A new study by my colleague Jun-Yu Qian from Western University and I shows that there is another way to find the value of contributions of people wishing to come to Canada. Immigrants could be assessed based on their contributions to open source development.

Free and open source software (FOSS) refers to programs that can be used, studied, copied, modified and redistributed with few or no restrictions. The core idea of open source development is that if you make an improvement in software or hardware, you must share it back with the community. The result is often rapid churn in innovation in a wide array of areas.

Open source tech developed by people from all over the world has enormous impact on the economy. Today, open source software is in supercomputers90 per cent of cloud servers82 per cent of smartphones and most artificial intelligence

More than 90 per cent of Fortune 500 companies use the open-source software. To put it plainly, if you use the internet, you use open source technology every day. 

On the hardware side, there are now millions of free designs that consumers can download and 3D print or digitally manufactureto save money compared to conventionally manufactured products. 

In our paper, we calculated the value on an individual open source project based on how many times it was downloaded and multiplied that by what the substituted cost is on the open market. Similarly, we calculated the fraction of the total value an individual contributor made to a massive collaboration project, like LinuxAndroidArduino or RepRap.

We found that even modest contributions to open source technology can result in substantial value and high societal return on investments. These values could be used to determine the contribution an individual has made to open source tech development when assessing their ability to live in and support themselves in Canada.

Investing in immigrants

Studies have shown how immigrants are consistently providing positive return on investment for their adoptive countries. Simply put: immigrants bring more economic value than they cost. 

In the study, we found the median contributor to Open Office (a free office suite that can replace Microsoft’s offerings) made only a tiny contribution to the code (0.00716 per cent) but provided significant financial savings.

The mechanisms we introduced could serve as tools to utilize contributions by potential immigrants. Making this kind of change to immigration policy would go some way to benefiting smart people willing to work hard and make open source contributions, and the countries lucky enough to attract them.

With the help of the open source development, countries like Canada can widen the net and attract highly innovative people to come and live here, even if they don’t have the formal qualifications.

Source: How open source tech can make Canada’s immigration system fairer

Lanctôt | Une «belle victoire» pour la Loi sur la laïcité

A critical perspective:

Il s’agit, à n’en point douter, d’une grande victoire pour le gouvernement Legault dans le dossier de la Loi sur la laïcité de l’État. Jeudi, la Cour d’appel du Québec a confirmé la validité de la Loi, affirmant les conclusions de la Cour supérieure quant à l’application des dispositions de dérogation et en annulant l’exception qui avait été accordée par la Cour supérieure au système scolaire anglophone.

« La Cour vient confirmer le droit du Québec de prendre ses propres décisions, c’est vraiment une belle victoire pour la nation québécoise », déclarait le premier ministre, François Legault, en conférence de presse, quelques heures après la publication du jugement.

En 2021, le juge Marc-André Blanchard de la Cour supérieure du Québec avait déjà maintenu l’essentiel de la « loi 21 » en concluant à la validité de l’utilisation préventive de la disposition de dérogation aux droits fondamentaux garantis par les chartes canadienne et québécoise des droits et libertés.

Toutefois, le jugement formulait des commentaires inquiets quant à une utilisation aussi large de la disposition de dérogation. Le juge Blanchard notait que la loi 21 constituait le premier texte législatif dérogeant simultanément aux articles des deux chartes garantissant presque l’ensemble des droits et libertés dans la province. « Peu importe la perspective que l’on entretient face à la loi 21, notait-il, il faut souligner qu’il ne s’agit pas là d’une mince affaire. »

Sur le fond, il notait par ailleurs qu’il semblait « incontestable » que plusieurs dispositions de la loi violent non seulement les droits garantis par les chartes, mais aussi les droits découlant des instruments internationaux dont le Québec est signataire, notamment le Pacte international relatif aux droits civils et politiques, et le Pacte international relatif aux droits économiques, sociaux et culturels.

Là encore, dira-t-on, pas une mince affaire. Or, l’état du droit canadien, et c’est ce dont le gouvernement Legault et les défenseurs de la loi 21 se réjouissaient jeudi, le permet. Pour le dire vite, et reprenant l’analyse qu’ont fait tant la Cour supérieure que la Cour d’appel, en vertu de l’arrêt Ford de 1988, il suffit aux législatures des provinces d’inscrire les dérogations désirées dans la loi pour les soustraire au contrôle judiciaire.

Cet outil, quoique pertinent, est particulier au droit constitutionnel canadien : il tempère, d’une part, l’équilibre entre les provinces et le gouvernement fédéral. Il permet aussi de préserver l’autonomie de la législature face aux tribunaux.

Le Québec n’est pas la seule province à faire usage des dispositions de dérogation : le gouvernement de Doug Ford l’a fait en 2022, et plus récemment, la Saskatchewan aussi. Au Québec, en revanche, cet instrument, on le voit ces jours-ci, est chargé politiquement : déroger à cette vilaine Charte canadienne « qu’on n’a pas signée », ou encore à cette Charte québécoise qui, soi-disant, confère aux tribunaux un pouvoir démesuré, est devenu un marqueur politique clair, un appel du pied pour un certain électorat.

Ironiquement, la décision que le gouvernement Legault applaudit aujourd’hui témoigne que les tribunaux font preuve d’une grande déférence à l’égard de la législature. La décision de la Cour d’appel formule des remarques intéressantes à ce titre, en rappelant qu’il ne lui appartient pas de juger des motifs de suspendre les droits fondamentaux des citoyens ; et que le débat sur la portée des dispositions de dérogation a déjà eu lieu.

La Cour note ensuite qu’il revient aux citoyens, à la société civile, de décider si cette façon de faire du législateur lui convient. Votez en conséquence, dit-on en gros, cela n’est pas l’affaire des tribunaux.

Je crois qu’il s’agit en effet de la question fondamentale qu’il faut se poser en tant que citoyen.

Si les dispositions de dérogation agissent comme un contre-pouvoir face à Ottawa, face au contrôle judiciaire des lois en général, les droits fondamentaux, entre les mains des citoyens, constituent aussi un contre-pouvoir. On parle de préserver l’autonomie du législateur face aux tribunaux, mais qu’en est-il de protéger les citoyens face aux dérives législatives ?

L’équilibre est-il atteint ici, alors que l’on suspend la quasi-totalité des droits garantis par la Charte québécoise, pour une seule loi visant une affirmation nationale abstraite plus qu’elle ne répond à un enjeu réel ?

Dans ce dossier, on parle souvent de la nécessité de tempérer les droits individuels au profit des droits collectifs. Sauf que les droits collectifs sont toujours conditionnés par la possibilité d’exercer les droits individuels. Ces droits collectifs ne s’exercent pas dans l’abstrait, ils sont la somme des droits et des conditions d’existence que l’on garantit aux citoyens. Cela étant dit, est-on à l’aise avec l’érosion manifeste des droits des minorités religieuses provoquée ici ?

La réponse, on le comprend, est oui — en témoigne l’appui, auprès d’une certaine génération du moins, à la loi 21.

Je pense au contraire que nous nous tirons dans le pied et que nous fragilisons le tissu social en nous comportant de manière aussi ouvertement méprisante à l’égard des droits des minorités — pas juste religieuse, d’ailleurs. Construire, affirmer une identité collective « contre » quelque chose n’a jamais mené à de belles choses.

Le feuilleton de la « laïcité » (insistons sur les guillemets) a déjà laissé des cicatrices profondes dans la société québécoise, parce que ce « débat » a été mené sans égard à son effet stigmatisant sur l’ensemble des minorités. On prétend que l’affirmation du « nous » de la majorité y a gagné au change, alors au diable les dégâts collatéraux. Il me semble au contraire que les divisions n’ont jamais été aussi profondes, de toutes parts.

Aurélie Lanctôt, Chroniqueuse spécialisée dans les enjeux de justice environnementale, l’autrice est doctorante en droit à l’Université McGill.

Source: Chronique | Une «belle victoire» pour la Loi sur la laïcité

‘We Fear For Our Lives’: Foreign spies threaten Australia’s multicultural communities

The federal government has set up a counter-foreign interference taskforce, which together with ASIO and the Australian Federal Police, aims to disrupt any suspicious activity — but also inform the community about how to report it.
In his annual threat assessment, ASIO director-general Mike Burgess said more Australians are being targeted for espionage and foreign interference than ever before, revealing details of a foreign interference operation which involved a former politician.
“We have a responsibility to call it out. Australians need to know that the threat is real. The threat is now. And the threat is deeper and broader than you might think.”
In a statement to SBS, a spokesperson for the Department of Home Affairs said: “culturally and linguistically diverse (CALD) communities face unique threats and issues arising from foreign interference”, with “some foreign powers or their proxies seeking to silence, intimidate, monitor or harass members of CALD communities that they see as dissidents”.
In February 2023, Home Affairs Minister Clare O’Neil singled out Iran as an offending government when it came to foreign interference, revealing ASIO had disrupted an operation on Australian soil targeting an Australian-Iranian critic of the regime.
No, foreign interference from Iran here is not relevant. By no means, under no circumstances.

Ahmad Sadeghi, Iran’s ambassador to Australia

In an exclusive interview with SBS Persian, the Iranian ambassador to Australia, Ahmad Sadeghi, denied foreign interference is being carried out in Australia from the Iranian government.
“No, foreign interference from Iran here is not relevant. By no means, under no circumstances,” he said.
Opposition assistant foreign affairs spokesperson Claire Chandler urged the Iranian ambassador to read the results of the Senate inquiry into human rights implications of recent violence in Iran.
“I would urge them to read the submissions from the Iranian diaspora that were provided to that committee,” Chandler said.
“All I’m hearing … is that Iranians within Australia are very concerned about the monitoring, the surveillance, the harassment, and the intimidation that they are having to deal with at the hands of this regime.
“The [Australian] government needs to be clear-eyed and transparent about its interactions with embassy officials here in Australia, the government needs to list the IRGC as a terrorist organisation, we also believe the government should be utilising the full suite of sanctions it has available to it.”
In response to a question from SBS about the government’s reluctance to list the IRGC as a terrorist organisation, Prime Minister Anthony Albanese said: “We have vigilant processes, through the listing of organisations. We go through those processes appropriately, including through the national security, based upon advice.”

Threats of kidnapping: operatives targeting Iranian-Australians

Sydney-based activist Mohammad Hashemi’s cousin Majid Kazemi was executed in Iran last year, after being arrested during a Woman, Life, Freedom protest.
Before he was killed, Kazemi’s family says Iranian authorities interrogated Kazemi about his relatives’ activities in Australia.
“We know they have their spies here and we know they are watching us and monitoring us,” Hashemi told SBS News.
“They have people in many countries, they are trying to control our people, scare people … they don’t have any border for that, they will do anything.”
Mohammad Hashemi started a campaign to save his cousin, Majid Kazemi, from execution in Iran last year. Source: SBS News / /

On 29 January, The United States and the United Kingdom slapped sanctions on a network that targeted Iranian opposition activists. The US Treasury said this network was related to Iran’s Ministry of Intelligence and Security.

Hashemi’s campaign in Australia, an attempt to save his cousin, has instead landed him and his family, who are in Iran, a separate sentence of surveillance.
“They told my father, ‘We know everything about Mohammad, what he is doing in Australia, where he lives, what his job is,'” he said.
“[They said] ‘If he won’t stop, [we] have a mission to go to Australia and kidnap him and take him back to Iran.'”

Source: ‘We Fear For Our Lives’: Foreign spies threaten Australia’s multicultural communities

Is the ‘market value of becoming Canadian’ dropping? Fewer immigrants are becoming citizens

One discussion point that has arisen in social media is the extent that Harper-era changes, making citizenship “harder to get and easier to lose,” are responsible for the decline.

The 2021 study is based upon the 2011-15 period, when all immigrants have met the residency requirements (5-9 years since landing). So while the Conservative government changes to language and knowledge were implemented in 2010-11, increased residency requirements and fees were not implemented until 2015, thus not impacting this study.

One area that needs to be considered is for the settlement sector to provide citizenship test preparation courses, given that the study confirms that lower levels of language fluency and education attainment correlate with lower naturalization.

It is unlikely that the current government will implement its 2019 and 2021 election commitment to eliminate citizenship fees (virtue signalling) but there is a case to waive these fees, at least partially, for lower income applicants.

… The findings confirm the worrisome trends identified by the research of the Institute for Canadian Citizenship that found a strong decline in the “market value of becoming Canadian.”

“This study shows that some of the people who are most likely to naturalize are the wealthiest and best educated,” said the institute’s CEO, Daniel Bernhard. “But we saw just a few weeks ago from Statistics Canada that the (recent) immigrants who are most likely to leave the country are exactly those.

“No matter which way you look at it, it’s clear that Canada’s appeal in the eyes of immigrants is fading. And if our growth strategy continues to be dependent on immigrants, that’s a real problem for our future viability.” 

Although office lockdowns and public health restrictions have caused backlogs and contributed to the disruptions of citizenship application processing, Statistics Canada said that only accounted for 40 per cent of the decline between 2016 and 2021.

The study compared the citizenship takeup among recent immigrants who arrived in Canada five to nine years before each census. It found that 75.4 per cent did so in 1996 and it gradually declined from 2006, when the Conservatives took power.

In the decade with the Tories at the helm, the “knowledge of Canada” test was strengthened, language requirements increased, citizenship application fees rose and the physical presence requirements for citizenship were changed from three of four years preceding application to four of six years. The naturalization rate subsequently dropped to 60 per cent.

After Prime Minister Justin Trudeau’s Liberals came into power, the federal government restored the residency requirement to three of five years, and moved the upper age limit for the exemption to the language and knowledge test from 64 back to 54, the report notes. The citizenship fee for minors was also reduced in 2018.

However, these changes have failed to reverse the trends, with the citizenship naturalization rate falling a further 14.7 per cent between 2016 and 2021, said Statistics Canada, which, in an earlier report, also found a significant number of immigrants are leaving the country after initial arrival.

“Other more global events also likely play a role,” said the report. “Significant economic development in some source countries, such as China and India, could encourage immigrants from these regions to maintain their source-country passports and reduce their motivation to become Canadian citizens.”

The study also found the fall in citizenship rates over the past 25 years varied by demographics:

•Families with household income between $10,000 and $30,000 annual saw a 35.9-percentage-point drop, compared to a 13.5-point decline among those making over $100,000 a year;

•Those who did not complete high school saw a 39-percentage-point drop compared to 29 points for those with a university degree;•Newcomers whose mother tongue was not an official language registered a 32-percentage-point decline in naturalization rate versus just a 19-point fall among those with English or French as first language;

•Before 2006, StatCan calculated that the group of immigrants with all three characteristics of low income, education and language skills was more likely to acquire Canadian citizenship than the most advantaged group, but the pattern reversed after that; in 2021, the citizenship rate was 1.5 times higher among the most advantaged group than among the disadvantaged. 

•Immigrants from some non-western countries who traditionally were more likely to acquire Canadian citizenship now more closely resembled their counterparts from developed nations in citizenship uptake.

Bernhard said the report speaks to the need for greater policy intervention to address the question of why people want to become Canadian, as well as their experience here and commitment to the country, and what they’re getting from and giving to Canada.

Some advantages that used to be reserved for citizens such as jobs in the federal government and military are now open to permanent residents, which removes the incentive for some to acquiring citizenship, said Bernhard, adding that immigrants need to have positive experiences and strong connections to feel belonged.

“That’s the difference between residency and citizenship,” he said. “That’s the difference between, you know, Dubai and Canada, both of which have large foreign-born populations. Only one of them allows you to be an owner of the society.

“That’s Canada, where citizenship remains very accessible. And if that ownership is no longer desirable, that’s a really shocking signal to the rest of us that we have deeper issues to reflect upon and resolve.”

Source: Is the ‘market value of becoming Canadian’ dropping? Fewer immigrants are becoming citizens

Axworthy et al: Canada’s plan to require visas from some Mexicans is a dangerous overreaction

Predictable reaction but not doing so would be an even more dangerous under reaction. And there is no reason why the visa requirement cannot be combined with longer term measures to reduce the root causes (no matter how sceptical I am about their chances of success):

….Before Mr. Trudeau’s government lifted it, Mexicans were deeply offended by Canada’s cumbersome visa requirement, which required visitors to endure a frustrating process operated by an inadequately staffed bureaucracy. Canadian businesses, farmers, and tourist operators also suffered heavily. But the untold damage of visa requirements may be even more significant today: more than 350,000 Mexicans visit Canada annually, and 2 million Canadians – many of them vacationers – travel to Mexico; the country has become the 10th-largest destination for Canadian investment, with some 2,000 Canadian companies now doing business there. Fortunately, it appears that the reimposed visa restrictions won’t affect those coming to Canada on study or work permits, as seasonal workers from Mexico are the linchpin of our agricultural sector, and academic exchanges between Mexican and Canadian institutions of higher learning have grown dramatically.

Still, the federal government seems to have chosen the quick and easy way out – a short-sighted decision amid growing election fever that fails to address the real roots of the problem.

Source: Canada’s plan to require visas from some Mexicans is a dangerous overreaction