| Diversity |
Individuals and groups equal and protected by same rights, no formal recognition of majority or minorities |
US, Sweden, Australia, India, English Canada |
| Unitary |
No official ethnocultural differentiation in public life |
France, Japan, Russia |
| Multi-Polarity |
Societies officially constituted of groups and subgroups |
Malaysia, Bolivia, Belgium, Switzerland, Northern Ireland, Canada |
| Layered Duality |
Relationship between a) ethnocultural minorities and recent immigrants, and b) an ethnocultural (founding) majority, that is a minority within a majority |
Quebec |
Multicultural Meanderings 